The KBP Broadcast Media Factbook from 1998 states that there are 137 television stations nationwide. There are 63 originating stations, 50 relay stations, and 24 ultra high frequency (UHF) stations out of this total. Technically speaking, cable TV is not a part of the broadcast television sector. There are 12 TV stations (of all types) in Metro Manila, 53 TV stations on Luzon, 28 TV stations in the Visayas, and 44 TV stations in Mindanao.
The majority of TV stations are a part of one of the five main television networks: People's Television Network, Inc., Associated Broadcasting Corporation, GMA Network, Inc., Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, Radio Philippines Pinoy Teleserye Network, and ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. The two largest networks are GMA Network and ABS-CBN. 11 originating stations, 14 TV relay stations, and 8 affiliate stations make up ABS-CBN. There are two originating, 40 relay, and seven affiliate stations on the GMA Network.
According to the 1994 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey, 57 percent of households with children aged 10 and older have access to televisions, which represents about 45 percent of all households nationwide.
Access to broadcast media is now essentially universal thanks to satellite and cable technologies. For instance, about 90% of people watch ABS-CBN television. All cable operators and direct-to-home markets within the satellite's coverage area can access the network's programming thanks to its connection to the Pan American Satellite (PANAMSAT). It can reach Filipino communities in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States via a cable television network. Similar to this, the 30 stations that make up the GMA Radio Television Arts Network broadcast to the entire nation. Filipinos can watch GMA-7 via cable or satellite television systems in Southeast Asia, Hawaii, Guam, Saipan, Canada, and the United States.
UHF television broadcasting was unheard of up until recently. The bandwidth was only known to those who had access to the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service's Far East Network, which was broadcast to the American bases at Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base. The first commercial stations to broadcast on the UHF band were Southern Broadcasting Network (SBN Channel 21) and Molave Broadcasting Network (Channel 23) in the middle of 1992. MTV programming is broadcast on Channel 23 by Hong Kong's Star TV, while SBN 21 airs "global-oriented" shows from the local VHF channel World TV.
After these stations' initial success, more were launched, including the first pay-TV channel (Byers Communication's Channel 68), the first home shopping channel (Rajah Broadcasting TV 29), and the first all-movie channel (Radio Mindanao Network Channel 31). There are two UHF stations, one each in Baguio and Cebu.
Cable television, however, has experienced the most astounding growth. The Marcos administration's decision to grant an exclusive franchise to a business ally of the former president to install and run cable TV systems nationwide stunted the growth of the early cable television industry, which was introduced in 1969. President Aquino repealed this decree in 1987. Interest in cable television increased after Pinoy Channel TV networks ABS-CBN and GMA began airing satellite programming in 1991. Community antenna TV (CATV) systems have been installed in each province to receive broadcast signals from Manila-based stations. In terms of cable TV, Metro Manila is currently one of the most technologically advanced urban areas in Asia. Skycable and Home Cable, two major cable systems, both offer 60 or more channels.
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